Definite article: THE
The definite article „THE“ is used to refer to specific or particular nouns- nouns that the speaker/writer and the listener/reader already know about.
1. When you are talking about something specific:
· Already mentioned: “ I saw a cat. The cat was black.” ( you are now referring back to the cat you already mentioned.)
· Unique: “ can you pass me the salt?” ( it is implied that there is only one salt shaker available.)
· Obvious from context: ( I’m going to the park.” ( if you’re in a town with only one park, it’s clear which one you mean.)
2. With certain nouns:
· Superlatives : “ she is the best student in the class.” ( there can be only one “ best” student.)
· Unique things: “ The sun”, “ The moon”, “ The Earth”
· Names of rivers, oceans, and mountain ranges: “ The Nile, the Pacific Ocean, the Himalayas”
· Musical instruments: “ she plays the piano beautifully.”
3. When making generalization about a group:
· “ The lion is majestic animal.” (this refers to lions in general.)
· “ The heart pumps blood around the body.”( this refers to all hearts)
4. In specific phrases:
· “ The more, the merrier”
· “ In the morning/afternoon/ evening”
Important Note: There are also times when you DON’T use “the”. This is called the “zero article”. For example:
· General statements: “ I like cats”. ( not referring to specific cats)
· Names of people, places, and organizations: “James,” “ Paris,” “ Google”
Indefinite articels: A, An
We use the indefinite articles “a” and “an” in front of singular, countable nouns when you’re talking about something in a general, non-specific way. Think of it as introducing something new or representing any member of a group. Here’s a breakdown of where you will commonly use them:
1.Introducing something new or unspecified:
· “I saw a dog in the park.”( Not a particular dog, just any dog.)
· “She bought an apple.”(Any apple, not a specific one.)
· “He needs a new car.”(Not a particular make or model, just any new car.)
2.Referring to any member of a group or category:
· “She is a doctor.”(One of many doctors.)
· “He is an engineer.”( One of many engineers.)
· “This is a book about history.” (One of many books about history.)
3.With singular nouns representing a general idea:
· “A cat is a good pet.”(Cat in general.)
· “An apple a day keeps the doctor away.”(Apples in general.)
4.In certain idiomatic expressions:
· “A long time ago”
· “A few minutes”
· “A kind of”
Key Points to Remember:
· Singular Countable Nouns :”a” and “an” are only used with nouns that you can count( one apple, two apples) and are singular. You wouldn’t say ”a apples” or “an water”.
· First Mention: Typically, you will use “a” or “an” when you mention something for the first time. If you mention it again, you will likely use “the” because its now specific.(Example: I saw a cat. The cat was black.”)
· Vowel Sounds: Use “an” before words that start with a vowel sound, not just a vowel letter. This is important! For example: ”an hour “ (the “h” is silent), “ a university” ( the “u” sounds like “y” ).
When NOT to use “a” or ”an”
· Plural nouns: “I saw cats” ( No article)
· Uncountable nouns: “I like water” (No article)
· Specific things: “I saw the cat” ( use “the”
Understanding the difference between “a/an” and “the” is crucial for clear and accurate English.
ARTIKILLER
Iňlis dilinde artikiller iki topara bölünýärler: Belli we näbelli ( definite and indefinite).
Artikiller belli atlaryň öňünden ulanylýarlar.
· “THE” artikili eýýam gürleýjä diňleýjä belli bolan adyň öňünde goýulýar, ýagny, nämedir birzat hakynda birinji gezekden artyk gürrüň edilip otyran bolsa ulanylýar. Mesele: “ I saw a cat. The cat was black.”- Men pişigi gördüm. Pişik garady- şol bir pişik barada ikinji gezek maglumat berýänligimiz sebäpli öňünden “ THE” artikili goýulýar.
· Eger-de aýtýan zadymy anyk bolsa, ya-da bir zady artyklyk derejesinde aýtsak, ýeketäk zatlar barada gürrüň etsek, deňizleriň, derýalaryň, daglaryň adyndan öň, saz gurallaryndan öň, umumylyk barada gürlenilýän zatlar bilen hem “ THE” artikili ulanylýar. Meselem:
5. “ can you pass me the salt?”- Duzy mana geçirip bilersiňizmi? ( haýsy duzy geçirmelidigi anyk)
6. “ she is the best student in the class.”- ol synpyň iň gowy okuwçysy ( artyklyk derejede)
7. “ The sun”, “ The moon”, “ The Earth”- Gün, AÝ, ÝER ( ýeketäk zatlar)
8. “ The Nile, the Pacific Ocean, the Himalayas”-( deňizleriň, derýalaryň, daglaryň atlary)
9. “ she plays the piano beautifully.”- ol piýaninany owadan çalýar ( saz guralynyň öňünden)
10. “ The lion is majestic animal.”- Ýolbars haýbatly haýwan ( diňe bir ýeke ýolbars däl, hemme ýolbarslar barada aýdylany üçin)
Iňlis dilinde artikilleriň ýene bir görnüşi näbelli artikellerdir: a/an
· Näbelli artikiler a/an birlikdäki, sanalýan atlaryň öňünden ulanylýar. Eger-de sözümiz çekimli bilen başlaýan bolsa “an” , çekimsiz bilen başlanýan bolsa welin “a” ulanylýar.
· Haçan-da biz islendik bir zady ilkinji gezek tanatýan bolsak, bir toparyň islendik bir agzasyny aýtýan bolsak onda näbelli artikel ulanylýar
1. “I saw a dog in the park.”- Men parkda it gördüm ( islendik bir it, bellibiri däl)
2. “He needs a new car.”- Oňa täze owtoulag gerek ( belli bir görnüş däl, islendik biri)
3. “She is a doctor.”- Ol gyz lukman ( lukmanlaryň içinden, şol gyzyň lukmanlygyny, kärini aýtýarys)
4. “This is a book about history.” – Bu taryk baradaky kitap ( birnäçe taryh kitaplatynyň islendik biri)
Ýöne aýtjak bolýan zadymyz sanalmaýan bolsa, köplükde bolsa artikil ulanylmaýar.
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